NASA Gemini Program Files

GEMINI VII TECHNICAL DEBRIEFING December 23, 1965 NOTICE: This document may be exempt from public disclosure under the Freedom of Infor- mation Act (5 U.S.C. 552). Requests for its re- lease to PERSONS outside the U. S. Government should be handled under the provisions of NASA…

PREFACE This preliminary transcript was made from voice tape recordings of the Gemini 7 flight crew debriefing conducted December 19 through December 21, 1965 at the Crew Quarters, Cape Kennedy, Florida. Although all the material contained in this transcript has been rough edit…

TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraph 1.0 2.0 3.0 COUNTDOWN 1.1 Crew Insertion..................................1 1.2 Communications..................................1 1.3 Crew Participation in Countdown.................1 1.4 Comfort.........................................1 1.5 Envir…

14.0 15.0 TRAINING 14.1 Gemini Mission Simulator........................185 14.2 DCPS (Launch abort simulator)..................191 14.3 MAC Engineering Simulator......................191 14.4 Translation and Docking Trainer................192 14.5 Planetarium..................…

7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 LANDING AND RECOVERY 7.1 Impact..........................................54 7.2 Checklists......................................55 7.3 Communications..................................55 7.4 Systems Configuration...........................58 7.5 Spacecraft Sta…

3.3 Insertion Activities............................15 3.4 Post Station Keeping............................17 4.0 ORBITAL FLIGHT....................................18 5.0 RETROFIRE 5.1 TR-2:00 Power Up and Alignment Checklists.......32 5.2 TR-26 Events..........................…

11.0 12.0 13.0 EXPERIMENTS 11.1 Celestial, Space, and Terrestrial Radiometry (D-4/D-7).....................................140 11.2 Star Occulation Measurement (D-5)...............146 11.3 Simple Navigation (D-9)........................148 11.4 Visual Acuity and Astronaut Visi…

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1.0 COUNTDOWN 1.1 Crew Insertion Borman I have no comment. I thought it went very well. Lovell Likewise, no comment on crew insertion. I think we got quite a bit done. It was very orderly. Borman Timing was good and it was done properly. 1.2 Communications Borman Communicat…

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2 1.5 ECS Borman ECS worked fine. We had no trouble with ECS at all during prelaunch or launch. Lovell That is true. The purge was a lot slower and it was just perfect for the final countdown. It was too fast for the SIM Flight, which we went through, and I got an ear block- a…

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3 Lovell The windows were heated previously as a result of 5's pro- blems, and our windows, I thought, were perfectly clean. Didn't you? Borman Right. 1.9 Crew Station Controls and Displays Lovell No comment. Exactly how we had planned it for months. Borman Exactly the way t…

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4 it is because we were so well briefed on the simulations we have run, but I had no problems. Lovell There was a little more noise than I expected, but a little less vibration. Borman Jim said there was a little more noise than he expected. Even so, it was not oppressive, or…

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5 was giving for the entire launch. The needles were just matched perfectly--nulled. I did not see any unusual attitudes that some of the other people commented on. 2.4 Aerodynamic Borman Again, we had had this described to us many times, and it seemed to follow right along. I…

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6 2.7 Wind shear Borman Wind shear. I did not notice any. Lovell I did not notice any wind shear either. Borman You could not see any on you attitude gauges either, could you? Lovell No, that is what I mean. Borman The attitude gauges stayed pegged. Right? Lovell They stay…

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7 Lovell I did not notice any POGO. 2.10 Engine 2 Status Borman It seemed to me that from about 3 minutes and 30 seconds to around 4 minutes, the noise and the feel was a little bit different than it was after that, as if it was vibrating a little bit more. But this was sort o…

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8 yaw deflecting downward, more so than booster pitch deflec- ting. Booster pitch deflected slightly to the right, indi- cating, at guidance initiation, a booster-high trajectory. But, they both came right back to null just after guidance initiation, and that was it. Borman We…

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9 that particular time. 2.16 Engine 2 Ignition Borman Again, it is so well simulated that-- Lovell It is very smooth. Borman It is very smooth, and away you go. 2.17 RGS Initiate Borman Well, we have talked about that. Lovell Yes, that is what I was talking about back pre…

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10 Section 2 delta P light did not go out and it was... Lovell No, Section 1 went on and out again during the flight. It went out at, I think it went out at SECO. Borman That is right. Lovell But Section 2 came on and we saw that one for the next 14 days. 2.20 Acceleration…

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11 the horizon, and the attitude remained constant and the rates were so minimal you could not even pick them up. I noticed no transients, we experienced no ........... as far as I know that was discernible. Lovell Did you try to damp out the.. Borman There was nothing to damp…

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12 Borman 17, 30, and 20. There might have been a 13, 17, and 20... Lovell About what the numbers came up with. Borman Spacecraft separation. We separated with minimum delay be- tween thrusting and Spacecraft SEP. Jim actuated the space- craft separation. I did not hear the th…

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13 so rapidly. It was tremendous. It looked like one of the autogenous lines had been cut. I guess it was cut with a pyro, and it was really bending and this was causing it to translate as well as rotate. And in order to stay with it, I was having to use quite a bit of fuel; alt…

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14 a velocity correction. Lovell As a matter of fact, right now would be a good time to men- tion that address 72 read -- Borman Nominal was 25 804 and address 72 read 25 804. Lovell Can you imagine that? Right to the foot! 25 804. I could not believe it when I punched it up.…

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15 Borman Could you identify any type of the debris? Lovell No, pieces. That is all I could tell. 3.3 Insertion activities Lovell We followed the regular procedure. Borman We did not have any problem with safing our switches. No problem. I did not even stow my D-ring at inse…

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16 Borman We were looking right into the sun; I hope they do too. The drogue pins were no problem. Jim got them, but again, not until well into the first orbit. As a matter of fact, I pulled my own yesterday morning there. The problem is solved; I think they are easy to get to.…

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17 shadow, because the next time I looked at it, it looked just like a new engine. The booster itself had no apparent da- mage. The only thing we could see was this big spewing where the venting was coming from. I did not see any vent- ing from the roll nozzle at all. Did you?…

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18 The sequence light test. This was done after the first orbit. We really had this insertion checklist in two phases, one at insertion and then one after D-4, D-7. 4.0 ORBITAL FLIGHT Borman We have already discussed the station-keeping. That is no problem. I think the situati…

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19 00:21. So when we reached this limit and we were in darkness, I went ahead and separated, thrusting down. Lovell We actually separated earlier than 00:25. We actually separa- ted at 00:21. Borman That is right. So we separated because we were in darkness and because we had…

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20 they only had two lights on there. We had four lights on and I will be darned if I will try to judge distance by four lights or fifty lights. You have got to have illumination or you have to have a stable vehicle. Lovell You have to have something that illuminates the vehicl…

21 Lovell Yes, but we did not do it then,did we? Did not we wait until we powered down and then waited two hours? Borman That is right. This is one of the things that they had in the flight plan that we asked them to change because -- Lovell Yes, we did not purge the fuel cell…

22 Borman He did a very good job. We knew just what to do. We had all the equipment with us and everything went very smoothly. MSC-2 and-3 turned out to be not much of a problem because at about the seventh day we turned it on and left it on for the rest of the flight. The Berig…

23 noise and I thought we had hit some of the stuff that was spewing out of the booster. I wasn't sure that it was just fuel. Lovell I think the ground people thought that this wire came for- ward because it had gotten in the way of the thruster fire. It definitely came forward…

24 Lovell As a matter of fact, why don't we get out the flight plan. I think we might have a lot of comments on it. Borman Let's start from the beginning. Lovell The recorder was on at 27 minutes. D-4/D-7 measurements. The GET of measurement that the COLD IR was outside the tw…

25 work we did without suits on. Lovell Right. We took the S/C out of the horizon at 2:08 to get some measurements, as requested from DOD, after we measured the stars. This is after we powered down the equipment. We connected the bypass hoses at 2:32. This was 2 hours plus 32 m…

26 of 150 psi at launch. I called up Houston and said I would like to leave the gauge in the FCO2 position rather than the ECS O2 position. Chris said, "No, unless we really felt strongly about it, they would rather have it in the ECS O2 position". So we left it there and after…

27 those three times a day with the exception of the last day and one other day when we got only two. I think this is a very good idea. It is difficult and requires discipline because the last thing in your mind is the desire to exer- cise. You get lazy very easily. We did a ver…

28 Borman At 49:53 we got a picture of Houston with the 250 mm lens. I hope it comes out. Okay at 69:40 we did a Perigee Adjust Maneuver, Delta V 12.4, 16.5 seconds, and came right on the money, using the stars, no platform. I don't think that there is any problem at all with th…

29 and having the HF/DF on. I'm not sure what kind of data they got but I hope they got something. The first one we had to do on the HORIZAN SCAN; it took some fuel and I wonder really if it was worth it. Borman At about 166:40 we noted our drift rate picking up and we finally…

30 shut down, we put it in a different control mode and it still fired the same two thrusters. Every time you turn off ACME bias power it would go "boop," "boop" just like that. Every time we were without attitude control for extended periods we ended up with a left yaw and a l…

31 America. About the only area that stayed clear was North- west Africa. A lot of the experiments and a lot of the Apollo landmarks were shot because of clouds. Borman On the 6 launch, the second time, we were able to track it. We were not able to pick up lift-off because of c…

32 inches in diameter at the exit from the water boiler vent. Lovell There were only two problems that we really had. There were the Fuel Cells and the two thrusters. We also had a cold Spacecraft. Borman Yes, that is when we had that water boiler problem. Lovell Before that;…

33 flight. Borman We were flying with bus ties and fuel cells and no squib batteries. Lovell To conserve the squib batteries for the retrofire period. Borman Right. Lovell Because of that configuration, and because of the fact that we lost two stacks, we had to modify our po…

34 5.3 TR-5 GMT Stop Clock Borman At TR-5 Jim got the bug on the eight minutes, no problem. Lovell Yes, I got that okay. 5.4 TR-256 Borman TR-256 Sequence light came on exactly on schedule. Lovell The digital clock never lost a second during the entire flight. Borman We di…

35 Borman Yes, and you really feel SEP ADAPT. It felt like I had put in forward thrust at that time. Lovell Yes. Borman It was really a good thud when we separated the adapter. Retrorocket squibs were armed at TR-30. Arm AUTO-RETRO was actually done at about TR-10. Lovell We…

36 that our timing was good on-board. They did come through but not until TR-10 seconds. At TR equals zero the S/C attitude was 20 degrees down. S/C rates were easy to con- trol, but I thought that the thrust from those retro-rockets was high. I really had a sensation of being a…

37 Borman Control mode was Rate Command, and the IVI readouts there- did you write those down? Lovell I have them here. Borman We called them off and we have them. Lovell This is what I've been using. It was 298, and 112. Borman And 3 left. Lovell Yes, and 3 left. Borman W…

38 Lovell That's a minus 1 error here, right? And a plus 2 error there, right? Borman Right. Lovell Okay, so I went in here and got to a plus 2 error here, right? Bormen Right. Lovell Went up here to a minus, here's the zero mark right here, to a minus one error; where this…

39 that's going to be it, and then they came up with 35 degrees, 45 degrees, and I misinterpreted it; I was arguing with Frank after retrofire and he says no, that's 30 degrees--50 degrees. Borman 50 degrees. Lovell 53 degrees is what he's saying. He just wants to get it down…

40 Pilot to evaluate the horizon for a night, no platform, retro. And the thing is this: you can turn out all the lights, you can get lined up for BEF retrofire, without a platform if you get the stars and everything. But once you start firing, you are going to have to use the r…

41 Borman That was right on the money. The retro pack jettison was accomplished 45 seconds after, when the amber light came on, and you could feel and hear this one going; of course, it was pitch black so we couldn't see a thing. This was one of the things that we didn't see, th…

42 So that was very good work on the ground's part. Lovell It looks like the initial computation of retrofire time was off, and they already had a good orbit on us. Borman I don't know what it was, but they corrected it when we came in. 5.10 Post Retro Jettison Checklist Bor…

43 6.2 400K Borman Spacecraft attitude at 400,000 feet was difficult to deter- mine. We didn't have a horizon until we were below 350,000 feet, and I was having a lot of trouble trying to find it. Jim, you got the horizon first on your side. Lovell Yes, the horizon came up fir…

44 you where you are and what the bank angle looks like with the horizon. But, I don't think that a person that is fly- ing the reentry can cross check between the ball and the horizon. I think you have to make your choice and live with it. Okay, roll commands were just like the…

45 your per cent of miss verses per cent of capability. And down on that range what it was really doing was, we were coming in a little bit short, and it was sacrificing the cross range in order to get the down range cleared up, be- cause the cross range was very SMALL anyway.…

46 Lovell Yes. Borman During the later part of it I started out in PULSE Mode and rolled over the 55 degrees in PULSE Mode, and then when we got Guidance Initiate I went to DIRECT. I was finding that in order to keep the cross range zeroed, and we had been told that Wally had t…

47 sensational. Jim was giving vivid descriptions on what was happening, and I was watching the ball. Lovell That's one thing that no one had ever told us before. I was amazed. Maybe it was peculiar to the spacecraft. Borman No, Tom and Wally had mentioned it. Lovell Oh, is t…

48 the LANDING SQUIB at 100,000 feet and sat there and watched it. 6.5 100K Feet Borman I started losing it; I think we may have run out of RCS fuel between 100,000 feet and 50,000 feet; at least I thought we had. 6.6 50K Feet Lovell Well, didn't you turn off the RCS? Borma…

49 Borman We'll have to see. We don't have readings on that. Lovell Okay, because I'm sure we did more than 20 degrees. Borman Then I threw the motor valves back open again on the thrus- ters, and that seemed to stop it. So I left them open a while and finally turned them on a…

50 and we got a cabin full of I don't know what it was. Lovell You had your hood off. Why? Borman I took my hood off to try to find the horizon, so I made the reentry with the hood off. Lovell Okay, I had my hood on, and I think when we opened up the snorkle; the way that wor…

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if this oscillation doesn't stop, I'll have to punch the main chute on the amber light, rather than the altimeter. But the oscillations did stop. 6.11 Main Chute Deployment Borman I punched the main chute at 10,600 feet as indicated on the altimeter, and just a millisecond afte…

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exactly the same. You get a good whack and then you sit there and vibrate back and forth for a little bit. 6.14 2K Checklist Borman 2,000 foot checklist we accomplished with no problem. About this time, at 2,000 feet, I heard Air Boss calling and we started communicating with A…

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swimmers there in about 4 minutes, and so I put the HF antenna back down to keep it from getting damaged. And we conducted the electrical check. I must say that I'm glad that the electrical check was simple, because it was hot in there, and we were tired. I was worried about this…

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pressure measurements and--but that's hard to do. I ought to comment on that. Because to take a blood pressure measurement you had to pump up the thing and leave your hands still, and leave your arms still until it bleeds down; well it takes a little while for it to bleed down. M…

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we hit the water, Although it was a good jolt, I wouldn't say it was anything outstanding. We hit, and Jim, your window went under water, right? Lovell The spacecraft rolled to the right, I believe. Borman Yes. We hit, rolled to the right, and you went under water and bobbed ri…

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arm doing the blood pressure work. And that complicates the recovery phase of it quite a bit. Borman Yes. Lovell I think it also compromised the blood pressures that way too. Borman We didn't feel like running foot races when we finally hit the water. We had planned to get out…

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with them in the water. The communications with Houston via UHF were poor. Once we were on the drogue they kept calling us asking us to confirm main chute. I'm not sure they ever heard us confirm main chute. Lovell I've often wondered about that. Watching the other spacecraft co…

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cross range. Lovell Did you have any kind of a malfunction in the accelerometer? Borman No, but Spacecraft 6 did. I don't remember that being a condition of the bet. Lovell I didn't either. Borman Ground Information. The ground gave us excellent information, as far as everyth…

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suit fans, snorkel valve open, and the vent valve open. We also opened the repress valve. Electrical: We performed a simple electrical check. We turned off 3 and 4, left 1 and 2 on, and watched for the variation in voltage on the main buses. The bus that is fed by 1 and 2 batteri…

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RCS system, and I know what that smells like it. It did not smell that way. I got a burning sensation in my eyes, which was different. Now, I might have got a more concentrated one. I still had my helmet on, and zipped up. You had your helmet off. I believe, that with the snorkel…

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any or hear any. Lovell I did not see any leaks. Borman Electrical Power: We mentioned we had 1 and 2 main batteries on, and when we evacuated the spacecraft, we turned all four of them on per the checklist. Turned off everything but the rescue beacon. Electrical power was ampl…

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Lovell I wouldn't want to sit in there with our suits on. Borman Plus, I thought the visibility of that suit during reentry left a lot to be desired. That is why I had to pull my hood back to find out where we were and what position we were in. I think the suit is an excellent o…

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Borman Okay. On postlanding we just sat there. Lovell Well, we went through the check-off list. That took all the time. I saw the swimmers, checked the electrical system, that they wanted us to do for postlanding. By that time the swimmer had the collar up. I could see the colla…

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7.11 Crew Pick Up Borman The crew pick up was nominal. Lovell Nothing else. Everything was fine. 8.0 SYSTEMS OPERATION 8.1 Platform Borman We aligned the platform 3 times. Each time it worked just as advertised. Daytime alignment, of course, was no problem. We got very ample…

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SEF worked perfectly. BEF worked perfectly. ORB RATE seemed to be fine. We used it preparing for the rendezvous with Spacecraft 6. After running ORB RATE for approximately an hour, and then going back to align SEF, we did not notice a great amount of misalignment. The only time i…

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we switched to DIRECT and in DIRECT we did not get any ignition at all as far as I could tell. In the OAMS PULSE yaw right, we were getting slight little pops. It seemed we had about 1/4 control authority that we had before we experienced the problem. We went to DIRECT, to see wh…

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The regulated pressure stayed at 300, right on the money, throughout the entire flight until the auxiliary tank was actuated. We operated the auxiliary tank when the pressure dropped about 30 psi. Lovell Yes. It went down to about 260 or 270. Borman Right. It came right back up…

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end up in two pulses of "bump," "bump", that would tend to yaw left and roll left. And the natural tendency of the spacecraft to yaw left due to water boiler venting, I guess, and perhaps ECS venting, was aggravated by this added impulse of two blips when we shut down the ACME.…

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aligned the platform for reentry that we were able to get enough control out of 3 and 4 to align the platform. When we did this, of course, in order to get yaw control we went to roll jets - pitch, and that worked fine. I don't have anything to add to that malfunction. We heard t…

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ate and after I started flying the needles. Lovell Because you were overshooting with DIRECT? Borman Right. I was not able to get the fine control I wanted. It would not stay in there. It seemed like the spacecraft was picking up a torque in roll also, and I was having to watch…

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by the thrusters. The scanners worked great except at sunrise and sunset. Lovell They would lose lock... Borman Sometimes they wouldn't lose lock but, remember, they drove the spacecraft nose down. About 40° pitch down. Lovell The one big thing, which was the question in all o…

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Lovell No. I did not hear the thrusters. One reason why we didn't hear the thrusters in that particular CASE, whereas we did later on, was the fact that we had our hoods on and the air was blowing in and making a lot of noise. It was strictly by feel and by sight. No sound. Borm…

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the flight plan. They gave us one minute and 16 or 17 seconds, and the flight plan called for 46, I think. Borman Well, we may get that cleared up when we talk to the ground. But, it was greater than I thought we had planned to do. Updating throughout the flight was excellent. C…

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have said, it is a very tight and fine mode. We used it during most of the reentry. REENTRY RATE COMMAND we did not use. DIRECT I used for the first part of the reentry, and it seemed that we were picking up rolling torques, and I was also starting to pick up pitch and yaw oscill…

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turned on the RCS Heaters on the second day and left them on through the entire flight. They sequenced and went on and off, I am sure, but we did not know about it. We never saw the light, and we did not have to worry about it. Lovell The temperatures kept right around 80° all t…

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than the 4-C suit, but mobility in the Gemini cockpit with the 5-C suit still restricts the person such that it degrades his performance for long duration missions. It is still quite immobile in the 5-C suit. We still have a lot of trouble with it. The suits checked out all right…

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during tape dumps. We had no evidence of CO2. Comfort in any pressure suit is compromised. It restricts mobility and the Gemini cockpit is just not that big for long duration flights where you can live with the suit. Suit controls were very adequate, no problems there. We had abs…

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position, with the screen on, along the lower right hand footwell area. This provided adequate ventilation during most of the time. When we exercised we found out we built up quite a bit of extra heat. I would then move the inlet hose to a position along side of me, along my left…

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sors. They were mounted with the inlet on the outside wall near the individual crewmans outboard knee. The suit inlet hose was then positioned to secure different flow patterns. Because no provision had been made for special inlet hoses, only two positions were tried. The one mos…

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Lovell The mass of the air being pushed out by the compressors is enough to give adequate flow throughout the entire Gemini cockpit. We had no problems with air flow. Borman It would have been a very, very difficult task to stay in those suits for 14 days, if not impossible. We…

81 have adequate positioning of the exhaust and inlet hoses. Borman I think really to solve the whole problem, if you want to design efficient cooling for suits off operation in spacecraft, design it the same as you would on the ground. Lovell Right, I think you are right. Borman…

82 Borman The temperature varied with the suits on and the suits off operation. I have gone through my notes here, and I note that it says when we both had suits on and we were just barely cool enough with both suits on and the B pumps running. On the other hand, when we were bot…

83 it was very comfortable. Borman That is right but the last couple of days we turned down the suit flow at night and it helped out. Lovell To compensate for this thing we turned down the suit flow. Borman There's a lot of inertia in the cooling system and it takes a long time f…

84 was during tape dumps, it would go up and then come back down but we knew this before flight though. Comfort day and night, with and without suits. There is just no comparison.. I have the notes that I wrote down while we were still up there. There is no comparison between sui…

85 steady as a rock. As Jim has already mentioned it stayed 5.1 the whole flight, and I never saw it budge at all, until you opened the snorkel. Lovell Right. FCSD rep Cabin vent valve. Lovell We had a double vent valve with the tip bent up to protect the stop. We never used that…

86 the suit we ran with it in a 45 degree position. When both people were in the suits, we ran it in the 45 degree position. Lovell I'd like to make one comment on the Cabin Inlet Valve, I think a future procedure would be to either open the visor or unzip the hood prior to using…

87 ly. That bottle had a big enough heat leak so that it maintained pressure itself. As I said, it started venting on the 8th day. We never used the manual heater on the ECS O2 bottle. Lovell As a matter of fact, the primary O2 helped, rather we utilized the primary O2 to pump up…

88 O2. We have already talked about the CO2 partial pressure. It was below zero the entire flight except during tape dumps when it jumped up due to a glitch that the tape dump puts in the TM system. Radiator operation and configuration...We ran radiator on all the time except for…

89 the flight, down in the vicinity of my right foot in the center pedestal lower area there, around the cabin heat exchanger, we got a lot of condensation. It was very wet on the walls and the blotter paper was sopping wet, a radius of about 12 inches on the lower right pedestal…

90 Porman Yes..here it is here...it was 158 hours and 27 minutes when we got up, and we had a wall temperature of 64 degrees and a pilot hatch temperature of 66 degrees. Comparing this with 144 hours and 53 minutes, the hatch temperature had been 84 degrees, so there was a 20 deg…

91 pumps with the suits off, it was comfortable. When we got the suits on, and both B pumps going, it was not enough to handle the load. Lovell It was marginal. Borman That is right. Normal mode was all we used on water management. Lovell Never touched the--- Borman Never touch t…

92 hood on. The G5C suit made communications poor, because of the flow of the air to the hood. Other than that I thought the interphone was pretty good. Borman Yes, we should mention the fact that the G5C suit with the hood zipped did introduce a lot of noise. Lovell Yes, a feed…

93 Borman I was very pleased with the entire Voice procedure operation around the world. I thought they did an excellent job. We didn't have any problems at all. They were quiet when they were requested to be during our sleep period. Lovell They were outstanding. Borman They were…

94 some indication if the tape is on. On long flights you can't have the tape on all the time like the short flights-- you have to conserve tape. Cartridge change was no problem. The controls were adequate. Data Recording? We tried to record as much data as we could. Borman We di…

95 with Spacecraft 6 in the air, I thought went very well. It posed no problems. Communications Controls and Switches- Voice Control Center, Audio modes, Keying and Antenna Selection, were all nominal. We might mention in Sleep Configuration--we never used the Sleep switches beca…

96 most of the time during the 14 days. We have recorded in the flight book of the flight plan--those times that it went off and on to the best of our knowledge. I'm sure we missed several of them. Borman When we were sleeping particularly. Lovell When we were sleeping we missed…

97 readouts. The ones that are canted inward away from you are hard to read. Borman The fuel cell, as Jim said, was an interesting thing. We finally lost stacks 2A and 2C about the 11th or 12th day. Stack 2B remained on and I'm sure there is a whole history written on the ground…

98 Borman The onboard cues for monitoring the electrical system are adequate. We found out one thing in this flight, that is the Delta P lights really don't mean a lot. We had been told before the flight never to purge if you had a Delta P light. We ended up violating every singl…

little background information on it. How else could we know it was going to be good for 24 hours, and what had they done to prove it would be good for 24 hours? They read it to us over CSQ, it eased my mind a lot because I wasn't anxious to miss the WASP. On the 13th day, I wante…

100 pitch down at guidance initiate. Attitude indications were nominal all the way through. At insertion, the nominal velocity on address 72 was 25,804 and when we read it up, it read 25,804. The orbit maneuvers using the computer and the platform were right on the money. The acc…

101 Borman The MDU worked perfectly the entire flight. Computer modes, PRELAUNCH, ASCENT, CATCH-UP, RENDEZVOUS, REENTRY, were all perfect, no anomalies in any of those. 8.8 Crew Station Borman Controls and displays. The sequential telelights operated exactly as programmed. At min…

102 Borman GLV fuel and oxidizer pressure gauges were nominal. The concept of sticking the decals on the outside of the gauge is poor at the best. But, we all know this has been done, and they're not going to change the gauges, and it worked fine. I would suggest never going this…

103 was recorded on the accelerometer was about 6.75 g's. I understand that the actual value was over 7. On the nominal profile, it is. Lovell Was the reentry a little higher than 3.9? Borman I don't know, I doubt if it was, it was so near full lift. Switches and circuit breaker…

104 Borman Yes, that is a switch that is never moved unless there is a failure in the fuel cells. Lovell They should be a little better type of switch than they are. Borman Mirrors. Operating without suits on, I found that I seldom needed the mirror. I don't believe I used it mor…

105 Lovell We had to use the levers of the swizzle stick to get the thing back together again. This was bad. We also used the swizzle stick to keep the manual heater switch down on the FC H2 which is a real big pain. It is a very SMALL switch and you have to hold it for a long ti…

106 light. The center panel and the right panel were all right. There is no question that the lighting system on the LEM is superior. Lovell We used the red lighting more than I thought we would ever use it. We never used it in simulations. The red lighting turned out very nicely…

107 of the serious deficiencies in the flight was the dirty window. Lovell I just talked to John Brinkman about the film. He said a lot of it was good, but a lot of it they could tell the window was dirty. Borman What about the booster film? Lovell They haven't processed two roll…

108 Just off the nose it would blurr out. There are two theories, one group of people say it's the nose cover that is ablating on launch, others say it is staging. We saw quite a bit of flame at staging and it looked like there were several streaks there caused by staging. There…

109 Room was dismantled, was not there this time. Intensity control was good, no problem. We had two white lights in the center cockpit, this was our request a long time ago, and after using it I think we made a mistake. We never did use the thunderstorm light that we stuck in pl…

110 I took the core card, and after I read the various cores for the reentry parameters, I got the nominal IVI's, also the bank angle updates and things of this nature, all on one card. Then I went back to the other section and transposed them in there. Borman One of the most imp…

111

111 best way to do it would be to fly over them with an airplane and then change the scale to whatever you wanted it. Lovell The photographs were important, but I don't think you have to spend valuable fuel and time to get them. An airplane can do the same job getting photograph…

112

112 was a very, very fine job by FCSD people responsible for them. Borman Data books: We were using a system that was started in GT-4, furthered in GT-5 and I think it is working out very well. If there is any derogatory remarks on it at all, it is the required amount of logging…

113

113 did you? Lovell No, I think we have enough stars on there. I think they're adequate. Borman Stowage at launch was a little gruesome. When we got in we found all the stuff stuffed on the floor over our feet. Once we got into orbit and started going through our pre-arranged p…

114

114 Lovell That is right. Borman We took an actual meal and ate it and got the refuse. Lovell It was very fortunate that we did this. It caused us to look for new places to stow things. Borman As it was it worked out real fine. The cockpit was cleaner when we reeentered than w…

115

115 left-hand food box in addition to the defecation gloves and the urine sample bags. One thing we might note is the horrible odor every time we opened those boxes to put something away. Lovell It was a necessary evil, Frank. Borman We were a little concerned when we opened th…

116

116 thermometer. We had a lot of glass in the cockpit. I do not see why we cannot carry some sort of a plastic thermometer. It seems ridiculous to me to have to TM a temperature. Borman I must admit I did not even know I had a blood pressure cuff on except when I filled it up. I…

117

117 actually. You left it right over the circuit breaker panel, didn't you? Did it come out during reentry? Lovell No. There was no problem. Borman There is no water problem. Lovell There might have been a little air in it because we got air in the food all the time. I do not…

118

118 suggestion on the food is that they try to reconfigure the meals so that Meal A is more like you would think of as a breakfast, with maybe some toast, cereal bars, and sausage patties; rather than fish, potato soup, and clam chowder for breakfast. The idea of making our day l…

119

119 lasted 14 days. We could have lasted a lot longer on the food. But that does not mean there is not room for improvement. Borman The concept, as far as packaging and everything goes, is good. What is lacking now is really an adequate quality control for uniformity. If everyon…

120

120 Borman Sleep periods. This is one of the areas where we really made a wise decision. We decided that we would sleep simultaneously on the regular Houston schedule. We did slide it back every day to correspond with the precession of the orbit. When we were scheduled for house-…

121

121 was a pain in the neck. We decided to leave it on though on the theory that if we turned it off the first thing the experimentor would say was, "Well you turned it off. It was not a valid test." Then some crew in the future would have to fly with the thing. So, we left it on…

122

122 9.0 OPERATIONAL CHECKS 9.1 Apollo Landmark Investigation Borman We should first mention the weather because this casts some reflection on the whole idea of Apollo landmarks as a navigational aid. The weather was the big bugaboo in this flight as far as achieving any Apollo…

123

123 Lovell Right. Weather is the big bugaboo on Apollo landmarks, or using earth landmarks for Apollo. Borman The acquisition data was good. The pointing data was good on all the experiment updates, except for one. They missed the time on an S-5. We caught it, and did it ourselv…

124

124 over the target. Borman Evidently the people who called them up were taking this into consideration, because the sun angles for all the Apollo landmark attempts were good as far as photography goes. Sightings were tough on a lot of them, primarily because of clouds. Lovell…

125

125 some prominent features along coastlines in Africa. We have them logged and we will be able to go over them with the Apollo landmark people. Even an area like Dakar, which you would think would be a relatively clear area, we tried three times to photograph and each time it wa…

126

126 determine those. Lovell The Red Sea and the Gulf of Eden as it goes into the Arabian Sea were very prominent. Borman Yes. Lovell The 90 degree bend was very, very prominent. Borman We have a difference of opinion here, but I thought the maps were entirely adequate. Mounta…

127

127 that I was going up hill or going down hill in the elliptical orbit. Lovell We saw one good airport. I thought it was Ellington, and it turned out to be Houston International. Borman We also saw that one in South America very well. It stood out loud and clear, that white ru…

128

128 Borman Perhaps, the colors were a little deeper in the photographs than were the landmarks but photographs are very adequate presentation of colors. I think probably any variance in the photographs is due to variance in sun angle. Lovell We understood the targets well enough…

129

129 Borman Certainly this factor of weather leads me to believe that the whole idea of navigating Apollo by a landmark needs to be reevaluated. It seems to me that a much more desirable feature would be a series of radar beacons placed throughout the world, similar to the ones th…

130

130 Borman The number of primary targets photographed was 1. Evaluation of sequence 350B and 35IB, I maintain that the maps are entirely adequate. We evaluated them looking at the Cairo area and the Dead Sea, and I see no reason for the photographs. Jim has a different feeling ab…

131

131 Borman The reception on HF during the flight was very poor. Lovell Right. 10.0 VISUAL SIGHTINGS 10.1 Countdown Borman We did not have any visual sightings. No wasps, bees, bugs, or anything in the spacecraft. 10.2 Powered flight Borman I did not look out at lift-off. L…

132

132 any flames, debris or anything. Although you did at Fairing Jettison and Spacecraft Separation. Lovell On Fairing Jettison, I saw debris fly, especially during the turnaround. 10.3 Orbital Flight Borman As for man-made objects sighted, we took sightings of the booster. We…

133

133 was reflecting off our adapter, and they were in a position so that the sun was not reflecting off their adapter. It is a strange phenomenon, but it is entirely dependent upon the sun. Once we acquired Spacecraft 6, it certainly was no problem of maintaining a visual on it. I…

134

134 Big Dipper. It was definitely a satellite, and we tracked it on the IR and we used the recorder. It will be interesting to see if they got any data of it. We were never close enough to see any satellites and to pick them out as far as definite features. Lovell They were just…

135

135 excellent viewing is where the air is clear. It is the same way with airplanes. But, I think you have a better chance to look below than you do in an airplane. There is a better chance of seeing something, but you still have the haze problem. Borman When we first got up and…

136

136 visible. Cloud coverage, there was a lot of it. The first three days were relatively clear and from then on there were lots and lots of clouds. About the only area that was consistently clear was the Sahara and the Red Sea area. The States were cloudy, as was Mexico, South Am…

137

137 zon. And with no Moon, the best sextant sighting spot to use was the upper air glow, because it was the sharpest of the two. The area between the upper air glow area and the earth's horizon was too milky during a no Moon to get a good sharp contrast (you could see stars throu…

138

138 went out about forty feet against a dark background. You could see this light haze going out about forty feet. It wasn't a bell shaped pattern, as we thought it was going to be, but it was like a garden hose, straight out. At a distance we could not see the bright flash of i…

139

139 see Retro Package jettison. At reentry we didn't have a lighted horizon at 400,000 feet. We didn't have a lighted horizon until we were below 400,000 feet. This was not particularly to my liking; although we picked it up about 330,000 feet. After then, it was all right. Love…

140

140 deploy was very nice. Lovell Main chute deploy, very enjoyable to watch. Borman During landing and recovery we had the S2F in sight before we ever hit the water. 11.0 EXPERIMENTS 11.1 Celestial, Space, and Terrestrial Radiometry (D-4/7) Borman I think we have more valuab…

I don't know what else to say, as far as we know, every- thing was perfect, it's all logged, they have the records, they have the TM. Lovell We saw the needle go down when we jettisoned the fairing cover after the fifteen second timer delay, after we did our separation maneuver.…

The Void was very easy to pick out and to take the readings. The Zodiacal light test was deleted in real time. We substituted Sirius for the Zodiacal light. Borman The star measurements were done with no problem. Night land measurements are noted on the tape and in the log book.…

Lovell You could track the Polaris launch in PULSE. Borman You could track everything in PULSE except the reentry vehicle. The reentry vehicle was pretty fast and you had to go to DIRECT. Lovell I have to give credit to the personnel, the experimentor, Brentnall. Borman He hus…

Borman We always had the ACQ off when we were transmitting. The only possible problems that we could have had with this experiment was when we lost our tape recorder. We could not put some of the data on tape. We had to always take the data over a receiving station. Lovell Or us…

Lovell Listen, that was done twice? Borman Yes. Lovell Was this the NADIR to 35 degrees West? Borman Yes. Lovell Of course we never saw Ascension so I did not... Borman Yeah, we never saw Ascension but it was the location of the area where we wanted to find. Lovell I think…

Sun measurement was done. That was a real interesting one, because in order to get the Sun, we had to put up the polaroid lights, and wear sun glasses, and then point at it. Lovell Hot Earth Measurements: we had that big fire in North Africa that was there all the time. That was…

never worked and we fooled around with it for hours trying to make it work. I am sure somebody is going to sit down- stairs now and ground check it okay, but, it did not work. Lovell We did everything and we traded it back and forth to make sure that both of us saw the same resu…

nothing else to say about the D-5 except the equipment did not work. Lovell Well, star acquisition and identification, which has nothing to do with the equipment, was outstanding with the chart. Actually, I would like to put in a little pitch here, for the simulator, because the…

was fine, the stop watch was an excellent idea. The lighting on the sextant angle reading was too bright. It was a white bright light. Everytime you read the sextant out you lost your dark adaptation because we were looking at this white light. And all it had to be, since the spa…

star, you could not tell when they were overlapping. Lovell You had to have two stars of the same magnitude in lock. So, I had practiced and trained in the one with the 50-50 split which I thought was a lot better than this 20-00 which we finally ended up with. And this also is…

Lovell On no Moon nights, the whole air glow layer seemed to be of the same consistancy. And the sharpest part was the upper air glow layer where we could bring stars down to it. Borman Did you find it difficult at times to get the stars acquired at the angle? Lovell Right. We…

Borman Even though you know the star very well, using the system of estimating the angle in ahead of time, you leave your- self open to picking the wrong stars. Lovell Yes, one of the big things about the sextant is you have to be sure you can identify the star when you are look…

we had to read the digital clock to get an exact time of the reading, the reflection from the Moon, all that stuff complicates visual sightings. Borman How about picking out a proper horizon? You even had trouble doing that. What horizon were we going to use? Lovell That is rig…

Lovell That was a little scientific experiment which we were asked to do: to see if we could see the blue horizon line, blue air glow in the daytime by keeping dark adapted and using the blue filter. Borman The results were negative. Lovell That is right. Borman Anything else?…

we did every morning. The vision test and the other one. Borman The M-9 vision test also caused no problem. As a matter of fact we did a little interesting experiment of our own. We used the brace, the head brace and the bite board everytime but once, and then we compared the re…

I guess from what I could see of the thing, I think it was a 2-3-4, that was all I had of it. Basically, we had a picture from GT-5. Borman We had pictures from GT-5 with us in the cockpit to help us acquire it. Lovell We could see the red ground with no strain at all. We knew…

had not had a chance to warm up for 10 minutes. We were at such a low fuel state then that it was either then or never, so we did it, and I hope they got the data. Now this window measurement business was always a little nebulous to me. I am not sure exactly what they were going…

in the daylight--of course the site was not manned because of the few passes we'd have to have. When we were over Australia we didn't have attitude control. Lovell We might mention one thing. I think with the long flight like we had, if we had the fuel we could have become more…

pictures over Brazil that have never been gotten before. They were not called up. We took them with the IR color shifted film. We got some pictures of Mexico that were not called up. Lovell We got a good sequence over North Africa. Borman We got several good sequences over Nort…

Indian Ocean but we never did see it. Lovell We had an S-6 weather to get that too, but we never did see it. Borman Air to ground relay of data was good. Voice recorder usage, this is one area where we are not redundant. If we had time to record all the photographs we put in th…

Lovell After seeing GT-6's film of our back area, the straps hanging off our spacecraft looked like they were all intertwining in that boom area. It could probably foul up that boom somewhat in future flights. I mean in a future flight if we still had that same problem it might f…

we were, when we went by there, and saw two blinks of the laser. We had the photograph in front of us marking where the laser was located. We saw Holoman, we saw White Sands but we never did see the beam except the short flashes. Lovell The magnitude of this laser is a lot less…

No. 1) it did not have as much light gathering as was required for this particular equipment. It should have a larger magnification. 2) It had a green filter over it which was supposed to enhance picking up the beam, but all it did was fade out everything. You could not see terra…

Protective glasses. To tell you the truth the one time where I was really trying to get onto the Hawaii pass I took them off. I did not use them. And they were in the way, they were cumbersome and together with the telescope, it was just too hard to find. Borman I used mine, but…

But the other business of acquiring is very difficult, Particularly with the reticle set. 11.8 Landmark Contrast Borman We did one of these with the D-5 photometer. We knew it was bad, but we put the calibration needle in the full "up" position, told the experimenter that we we…

11.9 Cardiovascular reflex conditions (M-1) Lovell Got that started at, I think it is 3 hours and 8 minutes, or something like that. At 2:39, I turned on the M-l experiment. Borman Okay. Procedures and operational problems. We had the hose coming all the way across your whole l…

period, was that we did not want to have the people say, "Well, you did not run it the whole time so the experiment was not valid." We left it on and put up with it in the hope that we could get rid of it once and for all. Lovell Obviously, it did not work. Borman So far as we…

wires on your head and stringing down the back of your neck, and not expect to catch them on something in a SMALL space- craft. Now, we found that we couldn't keep the helmet on. I kept it on for two days, but my head became extremely hot, and I was uncomfortable. So when I took…

urinate into is unsatisfactory. We ended up with urine all over ourselves everytime we tried to use it. It was sort of happenstance. If you lucked out, you didn't get a leak. But based on the experience that we had up there, I would think that the way to go is a simple overboard…

a stream into a vacuum, it is going to go right on over- board. I do not understand why...okay. The defecation bags were fine. And we really used them this time. The defecation bags were really put to use in this flight. I think we used a total of 15 of them. Lovell Yes. Borman…

CONFIDENTIAL 171 consider using that gun again is to read down a daily counter number, and let the people use that as a--we ran into a regular nightmare. Recording drinks used and drinks.... Lovell It was too much. Borman I think our water intake was adequate. And again I do no…

172 CONFIDENTIAL Rather tightly packed in. We really had to work to get it out. Borman But again, this is one of those things we were operating right up to the maximum capability of the spacecraft, and I guess we had to expect that, even though we did get it out. So I would not…

CONFIDENTIAL 173 next night pass, ending at 217:17 I counted discrete flashes of lightening for the entire pass. I counted 206 discrete occurrances of lightning. This was with the spacecraft level in HORIZON SCAN mode, looking out one window with no yaw control. Now, we also saw…

174 CONFIDENTIAL as operational experimental data? Lovell No. Borman We already mentioned the fact about the air glow changing with the Moon. Oh, I tell you one thing that is significant and we looked for it time and time again. This was the complete inability to observe stars…

CONFIDENTIAL 175 12.0 PREMISSION PLANNING 12.1 Mission Plan (Trajectory) Lovell Well, of course, it varies here, this is the last. Borman It changed. We had one all wired and written up for a 72 degree launch azimuth and this changed with the addition of the GT-6 mission. But I…

176 CONFIDENTIAL Lovell There is no doubt about it. The only way you can plan a mission of this length of time is real time flight planning. Call up the data you want for the day, it is a regular work day schedule. Call up what you want, and we will put it down and we will work a…

CONFIDENTIAL 177 12.4 Mission Rules Borman They are routine now. We have no real arguments. Lovell The only thing I can say about mission rules is the fact that they can be changed by the Flight Director to suit the situation. There is enough flexibility in them that allows the…

178 CONFIDENTIAL Lovell When we were first introduced to the equipment back at the stowage review up at St. Louis, we didn't know enough about the experiment to really analyze the equipment, to find out whether it would be adequate or not. Borman That is right. We should have pi…

CONFIDENTIAL 179 Borman Right. Lovell It did complicate the pre-mission planning. Borman Every other experiment I thought was well presented. The experiments division, with Dick Moke helping out did a good job. I was very, very satisfied in other words, with the whole business.…

180 CONFIDENTIAL 13.3 Consumables Borman My goodness, we had 30 per cent 02 left when we jettisoned the adapter. 30 some per cent FC 02 and about 40 per cent FC hydrogen. The OAMS were a little different situation. We cut that off at about 2 per cent. I was a little disturbed on…

CONFIDENTIAL 181 sure that in CASE something goes wrong with the thruster, they could utilize more fuel to keep that alignment. Borman Right. Well, as it worked out, we came out all right, anyway. Because we just said we were not going to do anymore if we got to 5 per cent to 6…

182 CONFIDENTIAL know whether this was programmed, or whether we just burned too long. Other than that the flight plan went very well. 13.5 Systems Borman One of the items that I objected to a little bit in the flight, and it was the natural tendency with people on the ground;…

CONFIDENTIAL 183 the OAMS squib just to see if you can hear it." At this stage of the game we were depending upon the OAMS fuel for realigning the platform. I thought that by then we were in a stage of the mission that we were operational rather than interested in blowing somethi…

184 CONFIDENTIAL retrofire, when you are getting ready for reentry, should be exclusively devoted to that. We should be doing nothing else. Borman Right. 13.6 Experiments real-time updates Borman Experiments real-time updates: all we can say is that it was done fairly well. C…

CONFIDENTIAL 185 14.0 TRAINING 14.1 Gemini Mission Simulator Lovell Since there were three crews that had been through these simulators quite extensively, and only one that required any more knowledge or any more operation of it, we decided to use the simulator at Houston as a s…

186 CONFIDENTIAL Borman We got a lot of good reentries. Lovell Well, that's procedures. We got a lot of good reentries, and we got a lot of good lift-offs with the trainer. One thing that helped us out quite a bit on procedures was the visual displays. Borman For stowage we kep…

CONFIDENTIAL 187 There's one area of procedures and systems training which can be improved, and that is the use of more correct procedures between ground and simulator. A lot of times we got into the simulator to do a reentry or launch, and we didn't get the parameters which you…

188 CONFIDENTIAL Houston simulator is that we don't have to keep it right up to the final configuration. It's a basic trainer. Borman It helps a lot to get in there and get the work done, rather than not be able to get in it because it is being modified to bring it up to the lat…

CONFIDENTIAL 189 Lovell Right. One area that does need improving is the coordination between the simulators, the Cape and Houston. Borman You're talking about SIM NETS when we ran with Houston, which was almost a total waste of time, on our part. Borman That's right. Lovell We…

190 CONFIDENTIAL Lovell Retrofire: procedure-wise was very good. The horizon, visual display, really is a big item. It made all the difference in the world between what we had before with no display and what we have now. As far as training goes, that is a very big item. The Houst…

CONFIDENTIAL 191 the numbers in the flight plan, and the SIM-NETS with the entire network. 14.2 DCPS (Launch abort simulator) Borman We used it and it was very effective. It never worked CLOSED loop as well as it was supposed to. We did not have any visual with it, but neverthe…

192 CONFIDENTIAL as you could possibly get. It was just fantastic. It was really well done, and the reentries were also. We got a real good feel for the reentries. We had the people from FOD and the people from FCSD up there at the time. We understood not only the procedures for…

CONFIDENTIAL 193 Borman I was really surprised at that. 14.5 Planetarium Lovell The Planetarium is one which I have to admit I degraded for the last trip. I said I didn't want to go and we weren't going to go. Then we decided we'd better go, and I think right now it was well wo…

194 CONFIDENTIAL years ago. After you get assigned to a specific mission, you better start learning the stars you need to use for certain burns and things of this nature. That's a good place to do it. I thought perhaps, since we had the visual display, that we could eliminate the…

CONFIDENTIAL 195 it's all well documented and scheduled. Another thing that was very helpful to us was Mike Brzezinski, the way he scheduled all the systems briefings and all the training. We didn't fool around with any of it. It was set up well, and went like clockwork. I think…

196 CONFIDENTIAL never contacted anyone else. We didn't go direct to anybody. Borman We might mention that the systems briefings were really of two types. We had preliminary systems briefings by our FCSD people at Houston. At McDonnell, during the SIMS flights and altitude chamb…

CONFIDENTIAL 197 the booster station keeping we did observe the ablative skirt on the engine. At one time it appeared that there were two points right at the edge of the skirt that might have been rolled in. It looked like maybe there were two approximately twelve inch sections t…

198 CONFIDENTIAL we got pictures with a 16 mm. We did not get pictures with the Hassleblad because we could not unstow the Hassleblad at this time. 14.7 Flight Experiments Borman Simulations: The one we used most frequently was the GMS for the D-4/D-7 tracking. Lovell We also…

CONFIDENTIAL 199 at night. The Translation and Docking Trainer was helpful in station keeping. We didn't really do any training at McDonnell for the experiments. Lovell We did mostly the station keeping and the reentry at McDonnell. Borman And you went to Ames. Lovell Just for…

200 CONFIDENTIAL adequately trained on every experiment. If I could comment on the one experiment that I thought was handled in a sort of, I won't say haphazard, but at least a rather free style, was the laser. We didn't get real proper training on that. I didn't get to look at t…

201 the equipment. All the other equipment seemed to come in well. Borman Yes, but we always depend upon the experimenters for the training. You know, like on the sextant. Maybe this is the way you have to continue to go. FCSD Rep This is the way the program is set up, for the…

202 to change anything. We could not put a lighted reticle on the laser. Borman In all fairness, we ought to point out about the laser too, that it was severely handicapped when we changed the launch azimuth. Because initially they had not planned to work anywhere except at Whi…

203 like Systems Assurance and so on in St. Louis. It is a waste of time. At St. Louis you should plan on covering the SIM flights, the Altitude Chamber and the Horizontal SEDR. And, down at the Cape, I thought even though we cut out six days of testing and we did not have a Wet…

204 14.9 Egress training Borman Briefing, Gulf Exercise, and Survival Gear. All went off well. We had it done on Spacecraft 4, so we only went off in Static Article 5. We did not use the Boiler Plate No. 201 and it worked out fine. We had the helicopter pickup. Lovell I think…

205 We were thoroughly briefed on the ejection seat by NASA people. I thought we were well prepared for that. 14.10 Parachute Training Lovell I think that all the parachute training that is required is launch off the island for a water landing. I think that is all the Parachut…

206 our training. We switched in and out of a single suit, wet, or not wet, and got it all completed by one o'clock. 14.11 Launch simulations 14.12 Reentry simulations 14.13 Simulated network simulations 14.14 Network simulations Borman Launch simulations, Reentry simulatio…

207 Lovell We wasted an awful lot of time on that. It is not that they would not be profitable. I think that is really where you get the good training because you get... Borman I am not going to recommend eliminating it. I would recommend fixing it so that it plays properly. L…

208 Fortunately, I think, that the people that you have to work with now, Bill Tindall, and Barney Evans, are pretty good. One of the first things I would recommend to anyone to do, is to start talking to the Mission Planning people as soon as they get assigned to a flight. From…

209 organization set up this way, it sure made a difference. Borman And every part of the Center came through. It was very effective at the stowage mockups and the Design Review to have Kenny Kleinknecht or Chuck Matthews right there and to make a desicion and then it stuck. Th…

210 is keep a close tab on what goes on at the CCB. Jim Bilodeau is the best point of contact there. He kept us informed. For instance, let us say we wanted another stowage bag in the right footwell. Rather than just going through the back door and trying to get Carl Stone to ma…